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Clothing in Korean – The complete vocabulary for your outfit
In this lesson, we will learn about clothing in Korean. You may have already read our article on how to say “clothes” in Korean, but you might also like to learn the different Korean vocabulary and phrases related to clothes in more detail.
Wearing clothes is a fun part of a person’s daily life which means it can be a majorly important thing in learning Korean vocabulary. Most especially if you’re learning Korean and you like clothes and fashion, then this may be the perfect topic!
Read on to learn more!
Clothing Vocabulary in KoreanIn this lesson, we have divided the vocabulary into two groups. One group is for nouns, and the other for verbs related to the topic. Below we will introduce you to both.
How to say “clothing” in KoreanIn Korean, the word for clothing is 옷 (ot). It’s such a simple and short word to remember, and it is the same for both singular and plural use.
Clothing-related nounsHere are some English and Korean words for what people are usually wearing grouped in specific categories.
Tops in KoreanTo start off, here are the common Korean words for tops.
KoreanEnglish 블라우스 (beullauseu)Blouse 가디건 (gadigeon)Cardigan 니트 (niteu)Knitwear 셔츠 (syeocheu)Shirt 스웨터 (seuweteo)Sweater 티셔츠 (tisyeocheu)T-shirt 탱크톱 (taengkeutop)Tank top 폴로 (pollo)TurtleneckShirt in Korean
The Korean word for “shirt” – 셔츠 (syeocheu), while you can say 티셔츠 (tisyeocheu) for “t-shirt.”
Bottoms in KoreanThese are the Korean words for bottom wear.
KoreanEnglish 청바지 (cheongbaji)Jeans 점프수트 (jeompeusuteu)Jumpsuit 레깅스 (leginseu)Leggings 오버롤 (obeorol)Overalls 바지 (baji)Pants 반바지 (banbaji)Shorts 치마 (chima),스커트 (seukeoteu)Skirt
Pants in Korean
The Korean word for “pants” is 바지 (baji). If you’re wearing jeans and want to refer to them instead, then you can use the Korean term 청바지 (cheongbaji).
Shorts in Korean
Another bottom wear that is commonly worn is 반바지 (banbaji) which means “shorts” in Korean.
Outerwear in KoreanBelow is a table that will teach you Korean words if you’d like some layering for your clothes.
KoreanEnglish 코트 (koteu)Coat 외트 (woeteu)Overcoat 모피코트 (mopikoteu)Fur coat 반코트 (bankoteu)Half-coat 재킷 (jaekit)Jacket 잠바 (jamba)Jacket (windbreaker) 가죽코트 (gajukkoteu)Leather coat 파카 (paka)Parka 우비 (ubi)Raincoat 점퍼 (jeompeo)Windbreaker Formal wear in KoreanHere are the Korean words for the clothes that people wear at formal events.
KoreanEnglish 드레스 (deureseu)Dress 원피스 (wonpiseu)One-piece dress 웨딩드레스 (wedingdeureseu)Wedding dress 정장 (jeongjang)Full dress 와이셔츠 (waisyeocheu),남방셔츠 (nambangsyeocheu)Dress shirt 양복 (yangbok)Suit 조끼 (jokki)Vest 제복 (jebok)Uniform 교복 (gyobok)School uniform 작업복 (jakeopbok)Work uniform Footwear in Korean
Below is the Korean vocabulary for the perfect pair crucial in every outfit.
KoreanEnglish 부티 (buti)Ankle boots 부츠 (bucheu)Boots 구두 (gudu)Dress shoes 슬리퍼 (seullipeo)Flip flops 하이힐 (haihil)High heels 등산화 (deungsanhwa)Hiking boots 샌들 (saendeul)Sandals 신발 (sinbal)Shoes 운동화 (undonghwa)Sneakers 실내화 (silnaehwa)Slippers 양말 (yangmal)SocksShoes in Korean
The general term for “shoes” in the Korean language is 신발 (sinbal). On the other hand, the Korean word for “dress shoes” is 구두 (gudu).
Accessories in KoreanTo complete the look, here are some Korean words for accessories.
KoreanEnglish 가방 (gabang)Bag 배낭 (baenang)Backpack 벨트 (belteu)Belt 허리띠 (heoritti),혁대 (hyeokdae)Belt 나비 매듭 (nabi maedeup)Bow 나비 넥타이 (nabi nektai)Bow tie 브로치 (beurochi)Brooch 팔찌 (paljji)Bracelet 지팡이 (jipangi)Cane 안경 (angyeong)Glasses 장갑 (janggap)Gloves 핸드백 (haendeubaek)Handbag 모자 (moja)Hat, cap 머리띠 (meoritti)Headband 보석 (boseok)Jewelry 머플러 (meopeulleo)Muffler 목걸이 (mokgeori)Necklace 반지 (banji)Ring 스카프 (seukapeu)Scarf 스타킹 (seutaking)Stockings 썬글라스 (sseongeullaseu)Sunglasses 넥타이 (nektai)Tie 지갑 (jigap)Wallet 시계 (sigye)Watch
Hat in Korean
The Korean word for hat is 모자 (moja). The same word is used for cap.
Glasses in Korean
You can say glasses in Korean as 안경 (angyeong). But you can use the word 썬글라스 (sseongeullaseu) if you specifically mean “sunglasses.”
Other words related to clothing in KoreanHere are more Korean words related to clothes.
KoreanEnglish 사각팬티 (sagakpaenti)Boxers 브라 (beura)Bra 팬티 (paenti)Underpants 속옷 (sokot)Underwear 내옷 (naeot)Underwear 비키니 (bikini)Bikini 수영복 (suyeongbok)Swimsuit 운동복 (undongbok)Sweatsuit 파자마 (pajama)Pajamas 가운 (gaun)Bathrobe 옷장 (otjang)Wardrobe (closet) 옷가게 (otgage)Clothing store 휴대품 보관소 (hyudaepum bogwanso)Cloakroom 단추 (danchu)Button 천 (cheon)Cloth 옷깃 (otgit)Collar 칼라 (kalla)Collar 고무줄 (gomujul)Elastic band 주머니 (jumeoni)Pocket 소매 (somae)Sleeve 긴소매 (ginsomae)Long sleeved 반소매 (bansomae)Short sleeved 지퍼 (jipeo)Zipper 사이즈 (saijeu)Size 스타일 (seutail)Style 빨래 집게 (ppallae jipge)Clothes peg 옷걸이 (otgeori)Hanger 세탁물 (setakmul)Laundry Clothing-related Verbs and adjectives in KoreanNow that we’ve covered the nouns, here are some verbs and adjectives in the Korean language related to clothes.
KoreanEnglish 입다 (ipda)To wear clothes 신다 (sinda)To wear shoes/socks 쓰다 (sseuda)To wear glasses 벗다 (beotda)To take off 입어보다 (ibeoboda)To try on 딱 맞다 (ttak matda)To fit on right 크다 (keuda)To be big 작다 (jakda)To be small 무겁다 (mugeopda)To be heavy 가볍다 (gabyeopda)To be light 비싸다 (bissada)To be expensive 싸다 (ssada)To be cheap 할인 하다 (harin hada)To be discounted 낡은 (nalgeun)Old 새 (sae)New Sample SentencesBelow are sentences with Korean words related to clothes and their meaning in English. You can practice on each example to help you learn better and remember the vocabulary and the Korean language in general.
KoreanEnglish 그 드레스는 너무 예뻐요.(geu deureseuneun neomu yeppeoyo.)That dress is so pretty! 어머, 그 코트는 너무 간지나네요!
(eomeo, geu koteuneun neomu ganjinaneyo!)Wow, your coat is so stylish. 오늘 날씨가 되게 추워서 따뜻한 코트를 입고 있어요.
(oneul nalssiga dwoege chuweoseo ttatteuthan koteureul ipgo isseoyo.)The weather is really cold today so I'm wearing a warm coat. 이 신고싶은 하이힐은 불편하네요.
(i singosipeun haihireun bulpyeonhaneyo.)These high heels I want to wear are uncomfortable.
That dress is so pretty!
그 드레스는 너무 예뻐요. (geu deureseuneun neomu yeppeoyo.)
Wow, your coat is so stylish.
어머, 그 코트는 너무 간지나네요! (eomeo, geu koteuneun neomu ganjinaneyo!)
The weather is really cold today, so I’m wearing a warm coat.
오늘 날씨가 되게 추워서 따뜻한 코트를 입고 있어요. (oneul nalssiga dwoege chuweoseo ttatteuthan koteureul ipgo isseoyo.)
These high heels I want to wear are uncomfortable.
이 신고싶은 하이힐은 불편하네요. (i singosipeun haihireun bulpyeonhaneyo.)
With the lessons you’ve learned so far, you can already shop for clothes through Korean online malls streets shops. You can also say and describe your outfit or appreciate your friend’s. Whenever you’re dressing up, you can also review these words you just learned! Was this Korean language vocabulary fun and easy or hard to learn? Let us know in the comments!
The post Clothing in Korean – The complete vocabulary for your outfit appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.
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Have you ever heard about Parents’ Day? Since we were born, we’ve shown our parents love and appreciation in one form or another. Our relationship with our parents may not always be perfect, but there is so much for us to thank them for. It can be surprising how much we don’t show our thankfulness.
Parents’ Day is all about celebrating our parents! Below we will tell you all about this holiday celebrated globally but is especially important in Korea. It can also give you some great insight into Korean culture.
What is Parents’ Day?Parents’ Day is a family event where the focus is on celebrating the parents each year, recognizing the important role of parents in nurturing and raising children. This day is a holiday in Korea and the United States but celebrated on different dates. In Korea, it is a public holiday where people get a day off work. It is a newer holiday to celebrate than Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are.
In the United States, it started when Republican Senator Trent Lott introduced the bill which President Bill Clinton signed later on into a congressional resolution called “Parents’ Day Resolution”. This paved the way for National Parents’ Day to be celebrated since 1995. Since then, this has become a national observance up to the local governments, which was held on the fourth Sunday of July.
Globally, it was created by United Nations in 2012, declaring it as the Global Day of Parents. Although celebrated by many, it is not seen as an actual public holiday.
When is Parents’ Day celebrated?Parents’ Day is celebrated on different dates across countries worldwide. In Korea, Parents’ Day or 어버이날 (eobeoinal) is celebrated as a holiday on a national level each year on May 8th. Globally, June 1st is designated as the Global Day of Parents. In the United States, Parents’ Day is celebrated annually on the fourth Sunday of July.
During the celebrations of Parents’ Day, different activities and events are enjoyed to show appreciation, recognition, and love towards parents’ role in raising their children.
Parents’ Day in KoreaSouth Korea is one of the countries in the world that like to commemorate Parents’ Day in a big way. In many other countries, the concept of a Parents’ Day may be unknown, especially compared to the other holidays for our parents, but South Korea is all about Parents’ Day.
Because of that, unlike in the United States or most parts of the world, South Korea does not have a separate Mother’s or Father’s Day.
History of Parents’ Day in KoreaThe first Parents’ Day was celebrated in Korea in 1973. Annually, the date of celebration falls on May 8th. It is not a public holiday, but it is widely celebrated. Initially, the entire week was designated as a week for respecting the elderly.
However, since 1997, October has been dedicated as the month for the elderly. Now, May is known more as a month of the family as, in addition to Parents’ Day, Children’s Day is also celebrated during the start of the month.
Is Korea celebrating Mother’s Day?Mother’s Day was already celebrated in Korea since the 1930s. Eventually, May 8 was officially designated as the day for the annual Mother’s Day celebration in Korea in 1956. This went on until 1973 when Parents’ Day replaced Mothers’ Day.
Is Korea celebrating Father’s Day?Korea does not celebrate Fathers’ Day separately. When Mother’s Day was established, considerations towards creating a Father’s Day in addition to Mother’s Day arose. This led to the new designation of May 8 as Parents’ Day instead of just Mother’s Day.
Does Korea celebrate Parents’ Day like the U.S.?Although Korea and the U.S. both recognize Parents’ Day, they celebrate this event differently. In the U.S., people celebrate National Parents’ Day yearly on the fourth Sunday of July on national levels. The National Parents’ Day council organizes events and ceremonies for National Parents’ Day, recognizing, uplifting, and supporting outstanding parents with Parents of the Year award programs.
This also serves as an event that encourages organizations and local governmental bodies and legislative entities to support parents who serve as role models to their children. Through this, they promote, responsible parenting, positive parenthood, and educational efforts.
On this day, parents or parental figures with the role of parents often receive gifts like cakes, flowers, cards, or food hampers from their families. National Parents’ Day greetings and tributes are also often made at events in the community or through church services.
How is Parents’ Day celebrated in Korea?On the other hand, here is how this day is celebrated in Korea. The first and best way is by celebrating it with your exemplary parents!
Children often write letters in school dedicated to their parents. At many schools, a special Parents’ Day Ceremony is also held. Children will sing a song made to celebrate this day, and their parents are invited. There is also a special activity arranged, where the children will wash their parents’ feet.
For adults, they usually take time out of their day to have a meal with their parents, coupled with a gift or a gift certificate as a show of gratitude. For the elderly, some activities are arranged as well. For example, social organizations will arrange for visits and activities for those in nursing homes.
Parents’ Day in Korea giftsAs mentioned above, school-aged children typically gift their parents with letters and handmade red carnations. Meanwhile, some of the most popular gifts for adult children to give are gift certificates, medical check-ups, vacations, and simply money, or other practical gifts such as mattresses and household appliances. It’s also common to cook a meal for your parents or take them out for dinner.
What are the commonly used words on Parents’ Day?We’ve listed down some words and phrases that are commonly used on Parents’ Day.
Korean Parents’ Day WordsHere is some Korean vocabulary that you’ll often hear on Parents’ Day.
KoreanEnglish 어버이날 (eobeoinal)Parents' Day 부모님 (bumonim)parents 가족 (gajok)family 효자 (hyoja)devoted son 효녀 (hyonyeo)devoted daughter 편지 (pyeonji)letter 아이 (ai)child 아이들 (aideul)children 카네이션 (kaneisyeon)carnation 선물 (seonmul)present 공경 (gonggyeong)respect 5월 8일 (owol paril)May 8th 가정의 달 (gajeongui dal)month of the family Phrases that you can say on Parents’ DayHere are some common phrases that children say to their parents on Parents’ Day.
KoreanEnglish 어머니, 아버지 저를 낳아주시고 길러주셔서 감사합니다.(eomeoni, abeoji jeoreul naajusigo gilleojusyeoseo gamsahamnida.)
Mother and father, thank you for giving birth and raising me 감사합니다. 그리고 사랑합니다.
(gamsahamnida. geurigo saranghamnida.)Thank you. And I love you. 엄마, 아빠 오래오래 건강하세요.
(eomma, appa oraeorae geonganghaseyo.)Mom and dad, stay healthy for a long time. 엄마, 아빠 늘 사랑해요.
(eomma, appa neul saranghaeyo.)
Mom and dad, I always love you.
Does your family also celebrate National Parents’ Day on May 8th, or every fourth Sunday in July? Or perhaps another holiday similar to this? From now on, do you intend to enjoy parents’ day when it comes around during the year? Let us know in the comments!
Another big holiday celebrated in South Korea in May is Buddha’s Birthday. Maybe you’d like to read about that next?
The post Parents’ Day – A special holiday for mothers and fathers appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.
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Janghang-ri Temple Site – 장항리사지 (Gyeongju)
The Janghang-ri Temple Site is located in eastern Gyeongju at the base of Mt. Tohamsan (745.7 m) to the south. And it gets its name from the local village where it’s located in Janghang-ri. The temple site is also located to the southeast of the famed Seokguram Hermitage, which is situated near the top of the mountain. Of all the National Treasures in Gyeongju, the Janghang-ri Temple Site, alongside Jeonghyesa-ji Temple Site, is probably the least well known of the twenty-six.
The temple at the Janghang-ri Temple Site was first founded during the Unified Silla Kingdom (668-935 A.D.). Unfortunately, the exact date of when it was first founded, as well as the temple’s name, are unknown. Buddhist temples founded during the Unified Silla Kingdom typically consisted of a central gate, a main worship hall, and a lecture hall that were all aligned in front of each other. In addition to these temple structures, you would typically find a pair of pagodas out in front of the main worship hall. Rather strangely, while the temple at Janghang-ri has a main worship hall and two pagodas, both the central gate and the lecture hall have yet to be discovered at the site, even after recent, and extensive, excavation work. As for the pair of pagodas at the Janghang-ri Temple Site, they were damaged and destroyed by thieves in 1923. Of the two, the East Pagoda suffered the most when it was blown up. The remaining parts of the West and East Pagodas were collected and reassembled in 1932.
The Janghang-ri Temple Site is Historic Site #45, while the West Pagoda (the one less damaged) is National Treasure #236.
The West Pagoda at the Janghang-ri Temple Site from A Study of Korean Pagodas from 1947. Temple Site LayoutYou first approach the temple site up a winding country road. From the temple site’s parking lot, you’ll need to descend a set of stairs, cross over a bridge spanning a river, and then ascend a set of one hundred stairs to arrive at the plateau where the Janghang-ri Temple Site is located.
In parts, the temple site is over grown, but it’s obvious that a lot of recent work has been done at the Janghang-ri Temple Site to make it more accessible to visitors. Looking down from the Janghang-ri Temple Site, you’ll see the meandering Daejong-cheon River flowing out to the East Sea. The first things you’ll notice when you look around the temple site grounds are the two pagodas: The East Pagoda and the West Pagoda. These pagodas date back to the 8th century. The East Pagoda is the one that was more severely damaged of the two. All that still remains of the East Pagoda is the five-story roof stones, missing are the base and the finial. However, you can still see the beautiful stone reliefs adorning the first body stone of this structure.
As for the West Pagoda, it was less damaged during the assault in 1923. As a result, it was re-assembled in its original location. The West Pagoda stands at 9.1 metres in height, and it’s believed that both the East and West Pagodas were equal in height. The West Pagoda is largely intact, and it rests upon a two-tier foundation. Columns and pillars are carved on all sides of the foundation. The body and roof stones are made from separate stones. The roof stone, which are rather thin and flat, are turned upwards. There are marks on each of the corners of the eaves, which suggests that there used to be ornamental bells that once hung from the pagoda. The most noteworthy feature of the West and East Pagodas are the reliefs of doors on the first story of the body. Each door is then flanked by Geumgang-yeoksa (Vajra Warriors). The finial is missing from the West Pagoda. The West Pagoda is National Treasure #236.
The layout of the Janghang-ri Temple Site (Picture Courtesy of this Korean blog).Overall, the temple grounds at the Janghang-ri Temple Site are quite small. The West Pagoda stands some fifteen metres away from the main hall site. The foundation and some stones that were used to create the foundation still remain. Additionally, the stairs in front of the main hall still remain, as well. At the centre of the main hall site is a two-tiered pedestal that once held an image of the Buddha. There are relief images of Buddhist guardians and lions surrounding the circumference of the lower tier of the stone pedestal. Also, the lower tier of the pedestal is octagonal in shape. As for the round upper tier, it has lotus flower designs adorning it.
So where is the Buddha image that once stood atop this stone pedestal? In 1932, when the West Pagoda was being restored, fragments of the standing Buddha were discovered at the temple site. These destroyed fragments were taken to the Gyeongju National Museum at this time. It was eventually reassembled. It’s believed that the image was a standing stone image that stood four metres in height. Unfortunately, only the top half of this Buddha statue has been restored. The reason that it’s believed that the statue was once standing is that there’s a hole on top of the pedestal where a standing Buddha statue could be attached. So based upon the shape of this hole, it helps lead to this conclusion. The head of the statue is covered with thick, curly hair. And there are flames swirling around both the body and the head of the Buddha with a fiery surrounding mandorla. The statue is made from granite, and it dates back to the mid-8th century. And it can be seen outside on the Gyeongju National Museum grounds.
How To Get There Overall Rating: 6/10The little known Janghang-ri Temple Site is often overlooked for the more famous Gyeongju temples like Bulguksa Temple and Seokguram Hermitage. And perhaps you haven’t even heard of this National Treasure. However, the 8th-century pagodas are stunningly beautiful as is the decorative pedestal. And if possible, and you can pack it into one day, you should visit the Gyeongju National Museum to see the standing Buddha statue.
A look up towards the Janghang-ri Temple Site. All the stairs leading up to the temple site grounds. The view from the heights of the Janghang-ri Temple Site. The main hall foundation with the East and West Pagodas in the background. The stone pedestal that still remains in the main hall. A closer look at this beautiful masonry. The decorative lion that adorns the pedestal. And a guardian relief, as well, that adorns the stone pedestal. The view from inside the main hall towards the pair of pagodas at the Janghang-ri Temple Site. A closer look at the East Pagoda that suffered more damage than the West Pagoda. The base of this pagoda is missing. And the reliefs of the Geumgang-yeoksa (Vajra Warriors) and door that adorns the first body stone of the East Pagoda. The West Pagoda that’s National Treasure #236. A closer look at the pitting, the Geumgang-yeoksa and door reliefs that also adorn the first body stone of the West Pagoda. The stone Buddha that once stood atop the pedestal at the Janghang-ri Temple Site but is now located at the Gyeongju National Museum. A closer look. —Dale's Korean Temple Adventures YouTube
고 보니까 "Realizing" | Live Class Abridged
Last Sunday we had a live Korean lesson about the grammar form ~고 보니까 (or ~고 보니), which is used to show that you've realized something after you've done something. We also compared it to the similar form ~고 나니까 (or ~고 나니), and showed where the grammar form came from.
~고 보니까 is an Advanced level Korean grammar form.
The post 고 보니까 "Realizing" | Live Class Abridged appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.
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Reporting Scammer to Police - Looking for Similar Expierences
Unfortunately, a scammer recently attempted to deceive a Koreabridge user selling something in the classified section. The scammer appeared to be a reasonable buyer at first, but concocted a story about needing to use unusual payment methods, presented what appeared to be documentation of payment, and tried to extract fees in order to release payment.
The Koreabridge user is pursuing the matter with the police and looking for anyone else who has had a similar experience. In particular, they'd like to include email exchanges as part of the evidence against the scammer. If you have encountered anything like this, please contact [email protected] .
Thanks
Updated Scam Warnings
We recently received another report of a scammer preying on a Koreabridge classified advertiser. These scammers are increasingly tricky and usually start off appearing like a very plausible buyer….until someone lets their guard down. In hopes of encouraging everyone to keep their 'shields up', here are some of the latest precautions based on recent reports. If you have anything to add, please do so in the comments, although because of defamation laws, it’s still best not to ‘name names’.
Thanks and be careful out there…
Jeff
KB manager
Become suspicious if…
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a buyer tries normal payment methods, but encounters some kind of problem that requires international money transfers.
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a buyer wants to use Western Union.
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a buyer plans on meeting you in person but then is unexpectedly unable to do so - often because they have to leave the country.
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Neither the buyer nor the entity is willing to discuss details over a phone call.
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Payment is ‘made’ but there’s a delay in bank notification. There is no delay in Paypal payments. Once payment is made, it should appear in your account right away.
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you receive some kind of transfer confirmation from any entity other than the financial institution you use.
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The ‘reply to’ address of a financial institution does not match their actual domain. Scammers often send emails that look authentic, but use email accounts at domains like
financier.com, consultant.com, usa.com, cyberservices.com, europe.com
- The entity that processed the payment asks for an additional fee to be paid through a suspicious hyperlink.
Advice
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Do not send items before receiving payment, no matter how convincing the emails appear.
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Do not reply to the financial institutions. Contact them directly via official websites and phone calls to verify the emails first. Do not click on hyperlinks contained in supposed confirmation emails.
- Do not provide any personal information, especially photos of passports.
Korean Teens Forced to get Vaccinated for Covid19 - The Korea Podcast 141 #covid #vaccines
The Dark Ages – The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)
During the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), the main purpose behind Buddhism was to ward off natural disasters, protect the nation from foreign invaders, and to bring good fortune to the Korean people. However, at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, Korean Buddhism had become extremely corrupt both socially and economically. As a result, monks and nuns, as well as temples and hermitages, profited from this corruption. It was due to this corruption that Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism in Korea started to gain ground on Buddhism with court officials. It was in July, 1392 that the Goryeo Dynasty came to an end, and with it, over five hundred years of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) rule began. This happened when the Goryeo king, King Gongyang of Goryeo (r. 1389-1392), surrendered his kingship to Lee Seonggye: the future, King Taejo of Joseon (r. 1392-1398). Even though King Taejo of Joseon was raised a Buddhist, he quickly adopted Confucianism as a guiding national ideology. This was done for a number of reasons, but the greatest reason was due to King Taejo of Joseon’s background. As a former Goryeo general who had betrayed his former king to found a new dynasty, it made sense that King Taejo adopted Confucianism as a national ideology. Confucianism at that time focused on a hierarchical structuring of human relationships. And the supreme focus of this structuring was the loyalty towards the king and parents by individuals. With this new form of national ideology, King Taejo of Joseon quickly solidified his reign, but at the expense of Buddhism. However, even though King Taejo of Joseon adopted Confucianism as the national ideology, as supported by Jeong Dojeon (1342-1398), a powerful Confucian minister, King Taejo of Joseon did continue to support Buddhism as seen through the appointment of the royal master, Muhak-daesa (1327-1405), as well as through the continued creation of beautiful new temples and hermitages.
The struggle between Confucianism and Buddhism at this early time in Joseon Dynasty history is best found in the creation of the new Korean capital in Hanyang (present-day Seoul). There are historical records that support this struggle; namely, Dongguk Yegi Bigo:
“There are large rocks on one corner of Mt. Inwangsan, popularly called Seonam [Zen Rocks], because they resemble Buddhist monks in grey hooded habits. Muhak-daesa tried to include them inside the city walls, while Jeong Dojeon [the most powerful Confucian minister at the time] wanted them outside the city walls. Taejo asked for their reasons. Jeong Dojeon said, ‘If they are placed within the city walls, Buddhism will flourish, and if they are put outside, Confucianism will flourish.’ The king ordered to take Jeong Dojeon’s advice.”
With this apparent defeat to Confucianism in the royal court, Korean Buddhism continuously declined and was oppressed throughout the duration of the Joseon Dynasty all but for the briefest of respites.
However, it wasn’t until the reign of King Taejong of Joseon (r. 1400-1418) that the oppression of Buddhism was fully implemented. What this resulted in during his reign was the abolishment of monk participation in politics. Also, temple land reverted back to the Korean government. Additionally, King Taejong of Joseon abolished all but seventy temples that he believed were historically important and significant to the nation. Finally, in 1416, he ordered the Monk Registration System which extremely restricted new monks from joining Buddhist sects in Korea. The Buddhist community retreated to the mountains, where they attempted to make a living off of selling things like paper, oil wood, and straw sandals.
King Sejong the Great (r. 1418-1450). (Picture Courtesy of a Naver Blog).Even the great king, King Sejong the Great (r. 1418-1450), the inventor of the Korean writing system of Hangeul, continued to repress Buddhism. King Sejong the Great actively promoted Confucianism through the creation of such institutions as the Hall of Worthies, or “Jiphyeon-jeon” in Korean, which was a kind of royal academy that promoted the basic principles of Confucianism. And in 1424, King Sejong the Great unified all of the existing eleven sects down to just two: Seon-jong (meditation) and Gyo-jong (doctrinal). King Sejong the Great also prohibited monks from entering castles. However, later in King Sejong the Great’s life, he became less repressive towards Buddhism after the death of the princess. In fact, in 1443, he allowed for the repair and construction of temples that had formally been banned. This brief respite continued under King Sejo of Joseon (r. 1455-1468). This came as a result of King Sejo of Joseon’s deep personal belief in Buddhism. King Sejo of Joseon made great efforts to promote Buddhist culture throughout the Korean peninsula.
Middle Joseon Dynasty (1468-1660)However, this brief respite didn’t last long with the succession of King Seongjong of Joseon (r. 1494-1506) over his predecessor, King Sejo of Joseon. In 1500, King Seongjong of Joseon closed down twenty-three more temples that housed Buddhist monks. In fact, almost all temples that housed nuns were now closed. The King also did away with the previously established Monk Registration System, which prevented all new people from becoming monks. Additionally, an order was given by King Seongjong of Joseon that all monks had to return to their secular lives. These harsh measures resulted in a countless amount of temples throughout Korea being abandoned and falling into disrepair.
The harsh measures continued under the succeeding King Jungjong of Joseon (r. 1505-1544). In 1509, just four years after taking the throne, King Jungjong of Joseon closed down all the temples found in Seoul and used them for government buildings instead. In that very same year, Confucians flocked to temples to steal Buddhist treasures for which the Confucians received no punishment from the Korean authorities. Things got worse when in 1510, Heughcheonsa Temple was completely destroyed by a fire that had been set by Confucians. At this point in Korean history, Buddhism, at least administratively, became nearly non-existent.
Much like during King Sejo of Joseon’s reign, King Myeongjong of Joseon’s reign from 1545-1567 was a break for Buddhism in Korea. This was in large part due to King Myeonjong of Joseon being too young to reign as king; instead, his mother acted as a regent to the king. In 1551, the king’s mother, who was also a devout Buddhist, reinstated the exam for becoming a monk. However, after the regents’ death, Buddhism was oppressed once more.
Samyeong-daesa (1544-1610). The picture was taken at Samyeong-daesa’s birthplace in Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do. The Siege of Busan in 1592. (Picture Courtesy of Wikipedia).#/media/File:Siege-of-Busanjin-1592.jpg){kind=link}
One of the most important historical events at this time was the Japanese invasion of Korea, better known as the Imjin War (1592-1598). This occurred during King Seonjo of Joseon’s reign, which lasted from 1567 to 1608. The Japanese general, General Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598), invaded Busan and the Dongnae castle. They won the southern portion of the peninsula and headed north and westwards. The Korean army was defeated repeatedly. In addition to Joseon society being ravaged by these attacks and invasion, so too were the Korean Buddhist temples and hermitages. It wasn’t until the entry in the war by the Buddhist monk warriors, led by Seosan-daesa (1520-1604) and his student, Samyeong-daesa (1544-1610), that the tides started to turn. It also helped that the Chinese Ming were reinforcing the Korean soldiers. Because Seosan-daesa was too old to fight, Samyeong-daesa joined the Ming Army at the Siege of Pyongyang (1593) and Gaeseong. The military monks and Samyeong-daesa rendered distinguish service at these battles. So while the Confucians hid, it was the socially low-leveled Buddhist monks that defended the nation. Even after the war, Buddhist monks helped restore fortresses, repaired roads, and completed other national reconstruction projects. As a result of Seosan-daesa and Samyeong-daesa’s efforts, Buddhism achieved a brief period of reprieve. At this time in Korean history, Buddhism was largely kept alive through the belief and faith of women.
Late Joseon Dynasty (1660-1910)With the Imjin War, and the patriotism shown by the army of Buddhist monks known as the Righteous Army, a distant memory, King Hyeonjong of Joseon (r. 1660-1674) once more ushered in an era of political oppression towards Buddhism. In 1660, the first year of his reign, King Hyeonjong of Joseon forbade people from becoming monks, once more. Once again, as though history were repeating itself, he ordered monks to return to their secular lives or else be punished for disobedience. And then, in January, 1661, he brutally closed down Insuwon and Jasuwon, two temples that acted as old age homes for elderly Buddhist nuns. This was then followed up with the reign of King Yeongjo of Joseon (r. 1724-1776). He collected large amounts of money and land from Buddhist temples.
There truly seemed no end or bounds for the repressive nature of the Joseon Dynasty towards Buddhism. Of course there were temporary breaks from this repressiveness, like during King Jeongjo of Joseon’s reign from 1776-1800, when he built his own private temple and had an appeasement policy implemented towards Buddhism. But unfortunately for Korean Buddhism, these respites were few and far between. During the latter stages of the Joseon Dynasty, there were really only two choices left to monks: either they could live a secular life of self-hate because they weren’t practicing the Buddhist faith they believed in, or they could depend on the mystical side of Buddhism found in fortune-telling to make a living. Either way, as the Joseon Dynasty drew to a close, Korean Buddhism was in a dire situation, hardly even existing. It existed only on the very fringes of Korean society, for only Japanese occupation to take place…
—Dale's Korean Temple Adventures YouTube
“Can’t” 못 vs 지 못하다 vs 수 없다 | Korean FAQ
There are three common ways to say "can't," and all of them can have the same meaning - 못, 지 못하다, and 수 없다. However, although all three of these forms can have the same meaning ("can't") they're not always interchangeable, and each has a different nuance. I wanted to break down all three and how they're used, what they actually mean, and when you should pick each one.
The post “Can’t” 못 vs 지 못하다 vs 수 없다 | Korean FAQ appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.
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